Which element is crucial for creating an effective user journey map?

User goals are essential for creating an effective user journey map because they provide the foundation for understanding the user's needs and motivations throughout their experience. By identifying what the user is trying to achieve, designers can outline the specific steps and interactions that will support those goals. This understanding allows for the identification of pain points and opportunities within the user journey, ensuring that the map accurately reflects the user's perspective.

In contrast, interface layout, technical specifications, and marketing strategy are more focused on the product design and business side of things rather than the user's experience itself. While these elements are important in their respective contexts, they do not capture the essence of the user's needs and aspirations, which are critical for effective journey mapping. Ultimately, focusing on user goals ensures that the journey map is relevant and centered around delivering value to the user, making it a cornerstone of user-centered design.